Symptoms And Treatment Of Hiv - 1493 Words

There have been 30 drugs approved to treat Hiv, but currently there are no cures for this virus. Treatments for HIV can help people live with the virus while taking care of their physical, mental health, and overall well being. Starting treatment as soon as possible it can also help your health circumstances and strengthen your immune system. Getting tested for HIV is very important to decrease the spread of the virus and save many lives. Getting tested to know your status in order to avoid illnesses is important. The growth of new infections continues to pose serious health problems/risk. Today in America there are 1.25 million people who are infected with HIV. Out of the 1.25 million people, twenty percent of them are unaware of their HIV status. In the event of the possibility of exposure or contamination of HIV it is smart to get tested regularly to not infect others or get early treatment. You can reduce your risk by getting tested often. Early detection can lead to a better treatment and a greater outcome for a longer life expectancy. You should get tested if never got tested before. The centers of disease control and prevention recommends that you should get tested at least once a year if you participate in activities that can cause HIV infection. HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. HIV is an infection. Many infections may cause the body to be chilly and stay in the body just for a few days. On the other hand, HIV will never go away. When an individualShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Treatment Of Hiv / Aids1531 Words   |  7 PagesHuman immunodeficiency virus, also referred to as HIV, is a virus that weakens the body’s immune system which restricts it from fighting infectious diseases (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2016). HIV can be transmitted through body fluids such as blood, semen, breast milk, or sexual contact (CDC, 2016). There are three stages as HIV progresses; the first stage takes place within the first month it is acquired. These early symptoms are often confused with a cold as they include fatigueRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Hiv / Aids1789 Words   |  8 PagesTHESIS: Those diagnosed with HIV encounter a litany of complications other than a physical issue, many suffer from mental health illnesses. Many diagnosed with HIV deny the fact that they have this physical issue, resulting in insane mental health. Under the coping section, UCSF leans towards the emotional response to accepting the fact of carrying HIV. Dealing with HIV provides stress and disturbia towards being active, and seeking help. â€Å"Worldwide, 34 million people are HIV positive, 23.8 million orRead MoreThe Disease Hiv / Aids964 Words   |  4 PagesMs.Bertelsen Biology (honors)Period 6 3/24/17 The Disease HIV/AIDS The disease HIV first appeared in Africa in the 1800’s. It originated from a chimpanzee and was likely transmitted to humans when the chimpanzee was hunted down for food and the hunters came into contact with the infected blood. The disease became an epidemic around the 1970’s and has since affected the lives of many people worldwide (aids.gov, what is HIV/AIDS). HIV is also known as human immunodeficiency virus and it is aRead MoreAIDS Essay examples1537 Words   |  7 Pagesdisease derived from the virus known as Human Immunodeficiency Virus. The immune system gets broken down when someone has AIDS and it is basically the highest form of HIV. When a person has HIV, the CD4 cells get infected and start to deteriorate and once the CD4 count is below 200, the person is considered to have AIDS rather than HIV (â€Å"Living†, 2005). Not many people know that AIDS is extremely prevalent in the world because it is not spoken about in society as much as it used to be when it firstRead MoreHiv / Aids And Its Effects On Society1500 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Immunodeficiency Virus, or HIV, is the virus that causes AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), and is the most advanced stage of HIV infection. AIDS HIV/AIDS deteriorates a person s ability to fight infections. It can be transmitted through direct contact of a mucous member or t he bloodstream with a bodily fluid containing HIV, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluid, preseminal fluid and breast milk and through unprotected sex and needle sharing. An HIV test checks finding. Medications mayRead MoreHiv And The Human Body1175 Words   |  5 PagesStates alone, 1.1 million people are living with HIV. Additional people become sick, but people continue to spread the virus to others. Do people even know what HIV is? Do they know what this virus does to their body? Such questions make it necessary to examine what can be done. What is HIV; how do people get HIV; and what is being done to help them? HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Humans are the only beings that can get this infection. The HIV infection can find and attack a significantRead MoreHiv And Human Immunodeficiency Virus1250 Words   |  5 Pagesreferred to as HIV, came to the forefront of disease research in the 1980s as the disease began to spread throughout the world, eventually reaching pandemic status. HIV is a viral disease that targets the body’s immune system, and can potentially lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, AIDS. Currently there is no cure for HIV; however, there are treatments available that prolong the lives of the infected individuals and are successful in controlling the disease. Research for HIV is ongoing, andRead MoreAcute Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv ) Infection1579 Words   |  7 PagesAcute Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection is the small period of time after a person has been exposed to HIV and before they have seroconverted. Seroconversion is th e process in which the body starts to create antibodies to fight the HIV virus (Pietrangelo, 2013). During this period of time, which is usually a few days, the virus replicates rapidly. The rapid replication results in extremely high amounts of HIV in the blood because the body has not had time to respond to the infection. AsRead MoreHiv / Aids : The Virus And Its Effect On Human1547 Words   |  7 Pages HIV/AIDS: The Virus and Its Effect on Human Human Immunodeficiency Virus, or HIV, is the virus that causes AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), and is the most advanced stage of HIV infection. AIDS HIV/AIDS deteriorates a person s ability to fight infections. It is contracted through unprotected sex or needle sharing. An HIV test checks finding. Medications may subdue the virus and delay the onset of AIDS. HIV/AIDS has had a great impact on society, both as an illness and as a source clear-sightednessRead MoreHIV and Aids are something that have been a major problem in a large part of the world for many1400 Words   |  6 PagesHIV and Aids are something that have been a major problem in a large part of the world for many years. These viruses have destroyed many families and have taken many people’s lives. There are many different ways for a person to receive the virus. As of today, there is still no cure for these horrible diseases. Until scientists and doctors are able to find a medicine that can cure them, many people will continue to be affected by these diseases. This research paper will break down each virus

Rhetorical Analysis Of Women s Rights Essay - 1272 Words

Rhetorical Analysis Women’s rights were not always a part of society as it may seem in today’s world. Suffrage can date all the way back to 1776. Women had to fight for their rights and privileges, hard and for many years. In the late 1800’s women were seen as much less than a male and had no voice. Women were arrested, prosecuted and put down for wanting more freedom and power for their gender. As you see in many suffrage ads, women were desperate and wanted so badly the same equality as men. A few women in particular stood up for what they believed was right and fought hard. Although it took far too long and over 100 years, in 1920 women were finally given the opportunity to share the same voting rights as men. History had been made. Many women were pushing for full equality, but some agreed to settle for voting. This was a clear step back and damper on work previous women had made. If all women were not in support of the right to vote, how would they ever succeed? Anti suffrage ads began to appear everywhere. Men and surprisingly, women were not all in support of women having the right to vote. The ads were degrading towards women and were starting to appear worldwide as this was not just an issue seen in the United States. In 1890 the National American Women’s Suffrage Association (NAWSA) was created and a worldwide campaign for women’s suffrage was born. In the first ad I viewed, was the image of a suffragette laying in bed while ordering herShow MoreRelatedThe Psychology Of The Social Injustice Of Women937 Words   |  4 Pageswhat they will do with the patient. Different types of writings include books, journals, notes, evaluations/analyses, and tests/assessments. Books and Journals Writing in psychology can range from an analysis, journals, or books. Many psychologists write pieces along the lines of an evaluation or analysis of a patient; meetings are confidential, meaning that psychologists cannot share content about the patient. In psychology, one can write about an example, or elaborate on the information one has foundRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of I Am By Assata Shakur960 Words   |  4 Pages2017 Rhetorical Analysis of â€Å"To My People† by Assata Shakur During the 70s, the fight for equal rights and Black power was a ravaging fight. Famous protesters such as Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, and Assata Shakur. In particular, Assata Shakur was a leader of the Black Power Movement (BPM). Through her struggles, Shakur educates her audience, this is written on a blog but spoken out loud at the time, on how there is racial bias and injustice. By applying a wide range of rhetorical devicesRead MoreAnalyzing The New Techniques I Have Learned As A College Student Writer960 Words   |  4 Pagesassignments are about, or what they consist of. This brief description is to help you understand, and it is brief because I don t want to overwrite and confuse you or anything. The first paper we wrote in class was the Language Analysis. I wrote in class was the Language Analysis. The paper depended on particular dialect we address to our family and companions and how our dialect functions, how it influences our propensities and schedules, how it comprehends reality in its own particular manner, andRead MoreMaking A Change : Margaret Sanger1713 Words   |  7 PagesChange: Margaret Sanger’s 1925 Speech Margaret Sanger’s, The Children’s Era, exudes knowledge on how contraceptives and birth-control will create a better world for the children. This paper conducts a Neo-Aristotelian analysis of Margaret Sanger’s 1925 speech. It contributes to rhetorical theory by advancing knowledge of how rhetors create a consensus on the use of birth-control and contraceptives. The paper proceeds first by establishing the context of the speech, which will include the target audienceRead MorePhotos Of Women Working 100 Years Ago1669 Words   |  7 PagesThe image I’ve chosen for the purpose of this essay comes from The Huffington Post, in an article called, â€Å"19 Photos Of Women Working 100 Years Ago.† It is presented entirely in grayscale, which is most probably because of the lack of color imaging systems in that time period rather than exuding an artistic effect. This image takes place in an aircraft factory in 1917, according to the article. The background a nd foreground are very clearly distinguishable. The woman who is clearly in focus is workingRead MoreThe Body Language Of The Speaker, And The Emotion930 Words   |  4 Pageswords, the body language of the speaker, and the emotion we feel by speaker s different tone. On September 20, 2014. Emma Watson, a famous movie actress known for her movie series, Harry Potter, launched a speech at the United Nations called,HeForShe. In her speech she was using audience appeals, repetition, diction to argue the reality of the gender inequality that still existed and call for actions taken by men and women together. The definition of audience appeal is the quality of beingRead MoreRhetorical Analysis on Heidi Klum’s Carl’s Jr. Commercial1109 Words   |  5 PagesMargaret, Carl started off with a few hot dog carts that eventually grew into a drive-in restaurant where they decided to sale burgers. Throughout the years Carl’s Jr. continued to expand as it opened over 1,000 restaurants in fifty years. In the Late 1990’s the company started to notice the decrease in sales so they turned to their advertisement to get sales back up. Reaching out and advertising sexy models and celebrities like Paris Hilton, Kim Kardashian, Jenny Mccarthy and Heidi Klum just to name a fewRead MoreThe Video Of Obama s 2008 Election Speech952 Words   |  4 PagesCould Smell like this commercial first aired right before the 2010 Super bowl, and ended up going viral. In fact, it became so popular that it ended up gaining more YouTube views than the video of Obama s 2008 election speech within the first 24 hours of their postings. Additionally, since the release of the commercial, there has been a 300% increase in traffic to the Old Spice website, and Old Spice now has the most viewed sponsored YouTube channel. About the Commercial, since it’s a means of propagandaRead MoreAn Analysis Of Sojourner Truths Ar Nt A Woman?1680 Words   |  7 PagesSurmounting Victorian Ideology: An analysis of Sojourner Truths â€Å"Ar’nt a Woman?† During the 19th century, black women faced a plethora of hardships culminating from hundreds of years of oppression and denigration while simultaneously fighting for equal rights with all other women. One of the biggest obstacles that was necessary to overcome was one of the most common ideologies of the West, the Cult of True Womanhood. This Victorian ideal of womanhood defined women within a domestic sphere and requiredRead MoreShirley Chisholm Speech Analysis1189 Words   |  5 PagesShirley Chisholm Analysis Speech In the speech, Equal Rights for Women by Shirley Chisholm, main rhetor in the speech. She is the first African American woman to be elected to Congress. She is part of the House Representative in Washington D.C, from May 21, 1969, to 1983. She entered the primaries for the Democratic nomination for the presidency in 1972. Chisholm purpose is to fight for equal rights for all citizens, most specifically women. She wants to help as an advocate by providing more

Wireless Communication Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Acces

Questions: 1. Compare and contrast three data encryption standards for WiMAX networks?2. Research the security challenges for any two examples of WPAN technologies. Answers: 1.Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) IEEE 802.16 standard based wireless communication family who is capable of allotting multiple physical (PHY) layers and options like Media Access Control (MAC). The three major encryptions available in WiMAX are AES-CTR, AES-CBC, and AES-CCM (Fahrny, 2016). AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) in CBC (Cipher Block Chaining) mode is one of the most used ones where the data goes through AES. The feedback is then applied to the original signal so that the same encryption is not obtained after every step hence making it harder to decode it (Zhou et al., 2015). The data is processed in chunks of that have a definite block size which is the function of the AES (e.g. 128-bit block). The synchronization should exist between the coder and decoder else the messages will be illegible. AES in CCM (Counter with CBC-MAC) is a universal authenticate and encrypt block ciphering process and can be used only for 128-bit chunks. For the process of authentication, the authentication field is computed using CBC-MAC. The performance of CBC depends solely on the speed of the cipher implementation (Arnold Dames Marik, 2016). The encryption and authentication require two basic encryption operations, and the addition of the additional blocks requires additional time. AES in CTR (Counter) is the most used of all the encryption modules, and many applications are made secure using this mode. The CTR modes use the counter in contrast to the IV (Initialization Vector) that is used in the other modes. The counter used in this case is modified to serve the purpose of encryption and hence contains a nonce and counter block (Zhou et al., 2015). Padding is not required for the plain text for the block size of the cipher. AES in CBC AES in CCM AES in CTR Has initialization vector (IV), hence requires randomness each time encryption is done The combination of CBC-MAC and counter mode. This mode authenticates and then encrypts Simple to implement and the creation of pseudo-random streams is independent of plain texts Changing a part of message requires re-encryption Requires two blocks of operation of encryption The pseudo-random streams are generated from the nonce by counting up. Error in transmission totally destroys information The Same key can be used for both encryption and the counter Maximum length of messages is ensured to prevent the overlap Transmission also affects the decryption of the subsequent block Transmission error is less severe compared to the other two Effect of transmission errors is concentrated to the wrong bits only Encryption is serial, but the decryption can be parallelized Parallelized encryption and decryption Both the encryption and decryption is parallelized. Table1: Comparison Between the three encryption processes (Table Source: As created by author) 2. WPAN (Wireless Personal Area Network) is a short distance wireless network that is mainly used for the purpose of connecting the devices for personal usage. The devices that can be connected can be of wide range like PDA, Mobile phones, PCs, etc. There are various technologies that serve the purpose of WPAN (Latha Arockiasamy 2012); some of them are INSTEON, IrDA, Bluetooth, ZigBee, etc. Zigbee is a WPAN application which is based on IEEE 802.16 specifications, for high level communication using low power digital radio waves. Threats Impact Physical Attack Physical attacks are carried out by directly tampering device to gain access to the system. These types of attacks can prove detrimental to the security of the system. The devices that are connected continuously ping each other in an encrypted language which is hard to compromise. A person can access the device and set a serial interface that compromises the security. Key attacks The devices that are continuously communicating with each other use the encryption key for authentication. A remote attack that mimics the working of the ZigBee records the data that are being transferred which can be decrypted with advanced software thus compromising the security parameters of the device (Xiao et al., 2015). Replay or Injection Attacks In this attack, the malicious codes are sent over the network with the authentication packets that are recognized the device. Since the ZigBee modules are very lightweight and use the packets that are small in nature, these devices are prone to this type of attack. In this scenario, the packets are designed to look like they are from the authentic source. Once the data is received the program unpacks itself and compromises the network. Signal Jamming Signal jamming is easier in the case of ZigBee as the power used for transmission is very low hence a power low noise is capable of disrupting the services that are provided by the module. Table 2: The types of threats to the system and their impact (Table source: As created by author) Bluetooth is a standard developed for information interchange over a short distance. It operates in the range of 2402-2480 MHz for the transaction and is regulated but unlicensed. Threats Impact DOS DOS (Denial of Services), is an attack which stops the services that are provided by the wireless module. Signal jamming is an effective way of injecting noises into the system so that the devices that are connected to the system stop communicating with each other Bluejacking The Bluetooth user can transfer various data over a Bluetooth network. Bluejacking is sharing an infected file that can infect the user's phonebook and behave like a device that transmits the virus over to other phones that are connected to the specific device (Minar Tarique, 2012). Bluebugging It is a method of cracking the phone through Bluetooth hence enabling the hacker to access all the information available over the phone. The features like calling and sending the texts too can be controlled hence making this attack extremely effective way of creating a disaster Eavesdropping It is an advanced way of cracking the Bluetooth headset so that the data that are sent to the phone or is received by the headset can be deciphered for listening to the calls. Table 2: The types of threats to the system and their impact (Table source: As created by author) References Fahrny, J. W. (2016).U.S. Patent No. 9,332,320. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Arnold, T. W., Dames, E. A., Marik, M. D. (2016).U.S. Patent Application No. 15/096,372. Zhou, J., Ma, M., Feng, Y., Nguyen, T. N. (2015). A symmetric key-based pre-authentication protocol for secure handover in mobile WiMAX networks.The Journal of Supercomputing, 1-18. Latha, M., Arockiasamy, S. (2012). The Performance Evaluation of QoS in Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) on Impact of Bluetooth Worms.Journal of Wireless Networking and Communications,2(5), 111-116. Xiao, Y., Cao, J., Lai, X., Huang, Z., Zhang, B., Qin, Z., Song, Q. (2015).U.S. Patent No. 8,984,287. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Minar, N. B. N. I., Tarique, M. (2012). Bluetooth security threats and solutions: a survey.International Journal of Distributed and Parallel Systems,3(1), 127.

NATO Essays (2502 words) - NATO, , Term Papers

NATO The North Atlantic Treaty Organization has been a silent partner on the world stage for more than half of the century and the most successful political-military alliance in history. The United Nations and their peacekeeping efforts have had the spotlight for the past few years. However the driving force behind any successful agreement or, if needed, action on the part of several countries has been because of the strong foundation and experience of NATO and its members. The following report will chronicle the events leading up to the creation of NATO, its first decade, the constant struggle with communism in the decades that proceed, and finally the challenges for NATO today and in the future. In the years after World War II, a new threat encroached upon the leaders of Western Europe and their hopes of a stable peace. This threat would be from the growing dominance of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in Eastern Europe. The USSR had an increasing appetite for the smaller countries to her west. These aggressive demands for territory and the placing of installations in taken countries fueled the fears of many that the USSR was marching toward a third world war. Britain and France, not wanting to make the mistake again of appeasing this new menace until it was too late, developed the Dunkirk Treaty in 1947. This treaty in essence pledged a common defense against any aggression. The USSR answered this by creating a European Communist organization called the Cominform and it rejected the European Recovery Program, which is commonly known as the Marshall Plan. The Marshall Plan, named for the US Secretary of State, was basically a financial bailout for the European nations. These nations were starving because of the slow and near stopping of the coal and agricultural industries after WWII. The US offered millions of dollars to all of Europe to aid in rebuilding for four reasons. First, Europe had been a great marketplace imports and exports for the US. Second, historically West Germany had been an industrial hub and needed to be brought back to tip-top shape to buffer the expanding USSR. Third, with its increasing mass the USSR was becoming a rival to the US. Lastly, without this aid Western Europe might look to the USSR for help, which would make life a lot tougher for American interests. The year of 1948 was pivotal for Europe. In February, the Communists in Prague staged a coup d'etat and the spring brought the beginning of the Cold War. Immediately after WWII, Germany was divided in to occupation zones by Britain, France, the US, and USSR. The capital of Germany at the time was Berlin, which happened to fall in the Soviet zone. The governing administration located in Berlin fell, because of the obvious reason of "too many cooks spoil the broth". When this happened, the USSR demanded that Berlin become solely part of the Soviet zone, since its status as capital was ruined. The USSR enforced this ruling by blockading all land routes into and tried to force the other powers out of its respective sectors of Berlin. Eventually the Berlin Blockade was squelched by a military airlift that lasted the rest of the year. The city still remained divided and became known as East (Soviet controlled) and West Berlin. This transgression on the part of the USSR prompted negotiations between Western Europe, the US and Canada that resulted in the North Atlantic Treaty. The language of the North Atlantic Treaty originally consisted of its preamble and fourteen articles. The preamble states that members will promote common values and will "unite their efforts for a collective defense." The key article of the North Atlantic Treaty is number five (it's the one that inspired my title) it reads, "The Parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them...shall be considered an attack against them all." Another interesting article is the last one, number fourteen, and it calls for the deposition of the official copies of the treaty to be kept in the US Archives. The US already was establishing itself as the dominant member of an organization that is supposed to be based on equal responsibility. After the ratification of this treaty the structure of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) began. The highest policy-making body in NATO is the North Atlantic Council, which met in Paris until 1967. The council composed of permanent delegates from all members was responsible for general policy, budgetary outlines, intergovernmental consultation and administrative actions. There are two main temporary committees

Carding Mill Valley Essays

Carding Mill Valley Essays Carding Mill Valley Essay Carding Mill Valley Essay Essay Topic: The Long Valley How and why does the valley width change downstream? 2. How and why does the channel width change downstream? 3. How and why channel cross-section change downstream? 4. How and why does the average velocity change downstream? 5. How and why does the channel gradient change downstream? 6. How and why does the bed-load change downstream? 7. How and why does the human land use of the valley change as the river moves downstream and does this Impact on the river? Introduction Carding mill valley is in Shorebird, England. It is 22. Km northwest of Trochaic; it is part of long mind. The valley in total stretches 2 miles and spans 5 sq miles in total. The long mind is a stretch of hills literally translated from welsh as Long Mountain, they stretch for 7 miles. The valley cuts into the long mind so therefore it is part of the hills. The valley has a few types of vegetation on top of grass such as heather, bracken, bilberry and gorse. There is also an abundance of animals especially sheep and birds, there Is also a disused reservoir which will have a lot of aquatic life. The valley was formed 600 years ago by volcanic activity. The rocks In the hills and valley are 560 million years old. At the top of the valley there is a waterfall that is called tight spout waterfall that is fuelled by mm of rainfall they get each year. The valley is now maintained and looked after by the national trust, which initially took over in 1965 and then completely took over in 1979. In the valley there is now a shop, cafe © and a gabion that is helping prevent the erosion. In the valley you can simply go for a walk or partake in some more exciting activities such as hang gliders, there is also a tearoom with great views and surroundings. [pick] Climate graph We can see from my climate graph that there are general trends such as mild temperatures In autumn Ana spring out really quilt cola temperatures In ten winter and very warm temperatures in the summer, the temperature go from a low of 2 degrees in December to a high of 16 in July. Yet again there are trends in the amount of rainfall, firstly there is rain all year round but the heaviest is found in November with 99 mm of rain and the low is found in July with 29 mm of rain. Carding mill alley is found in a temperate climate, which is the same as the whole of the United Kingdom, this means there are no extremes of rainfall or temperatures. Sketch Map Methodology Measurements we took 1) Valley width. 2) Channel width. 3) Channel depth. 4) Gradient. 5) Velocity. ) Bed load (longest axis and shape) 1) Valley width We use this tape measure to measure how wide the valley was. We measured from where there was an incline in height on one side to the same on the other. 1) Channel width We use the tape measure again to measure how wide the channel of water was. We simply measured from one side of the channel to the other. 3) Channel depth When we measured the channel depth we put a tape measure across the channel and then we put a meter ruler into the water and measured how deep the water is in CM. We did this every 25 CM. ) Gradient 10 measure ten gradient we put ranging poles Into ten ground or rollover at distances of 10 meters apart we used 3 poles in total. We then lined up the sights of the clinometers up with the two second red stripes on two of the poles as shown above. 5) Velocity To measure the velocity of the river we place a cork in the river and timed how long it kook for it to travel 10 meters. To measure the bed load we selected 6 rocks from the bed of the river from all 6 sites and measured the longest part of the rock, this will be its length. Then we looked at the shape of the rock and compared it to our guideline to determine whether it was very angular, angular, sub-angular, sub-rounded, rounded or well rounded. Results 1. Valley Width 2. Channel width 3. Channel Depth, Cross-section Profiles 4. Gradient 5. Velocity 6. Bed Load Longest Axis 7. Bed load shape Types of erosion Abrasion/corrosion Rocks that are carried in the river grind and erode the riverside and bed. Some of the rock at the sides and bed of the channel are washed away. This type of erosion widens the channel through lateral erosion and deepens the channel by vertical erosion. Hydraulic action Water traveling at a high speed may enter the line of weakness of rock when it hit against these rocks at the side of the channel. The force may cause the rock to break Ana ten Drone pieces AT rock are swept away Attrition When material in the water collides with one another, they break and become smaller particles. These particles become smoother and rounded. Solution/ Corrosion The river water may also dissolve the minerals in the rock and carry them down the river. Limestone may be dissolved quickly in the river water, especially when there is high concentration. Analysis of data Valley width We can see in my graph that as we move down stream the valley widens at a slow rate to begin with but it get more rapid the further we go down the valley. I can show this by using my results as I said the valley starts off at a slow rate of widening of 4. Mm to 6. Mm and again up to mm so this clearly is a gradual increase. Whereas it jumps to measurements of 1 5. Mm to 29. M and then to mm, this shows the rapid increase. This is an increase of 34. 73% from the top of the valley to the bottom; this is taken from a minimum measurement of 4. Mm and a maximum measurement of mm. Types of erosion involved in this are abrasion/corrosion, which is Rocks that are carried in the river grind and erode the riverside and bed. Some of the rock at the sides and bed of the channel are washed away. This type of erosion widens the channel through lateral erosion and deepens the channel by vertical erosion. Also Hydraulic action is an affect where water traveling at a hig h speed may enter the line f weakness of rock when it hit against these rocks at the side of the channel. The force may cause the rock to break and the broken pieces of rock are swept away. These causes get stronger as we move down the river as they pick up speed and extra sediment and rocks to cause the erosion. The most important type is abrasion as it is the most destructive erosion and as for the time of year that it is most prolific is winter as the volume of water coming down the river is greater so the amount of rock it can carry increases. The valley widens as the channel widens hence the types of erosion mentioned. Channel width We can pick out from the individual graph and the combined graph that the channel width increases as we move down stream. However there is an anomaly in these results, which could have many explanations such as harder rock or the river, slows at this point. The widths on the whole increases by nearly triple its original width. As for erosion it will have the same types as valley width as the channel width dictates the valley width. So there will be hydraulic action, corrosion and abrasion at work. The patterns Tanat are clear on ten graph all T t a general pattern AT ten Turner down alley you get the wider the valley and the channel gets. Channel depth As we look at my channel cross-sections it tells us clearly that as we move down stream the channel widens and with it gets deeper, this is this because of the types of erosion happening which are; abrasion/corrosion, attrition, hydraulic action and corrosion. It goes from a minimum depth of CACM to a maximum depth of CACM so thats an increase of 2 fifths. I have found one anomaly in my results of site one which is the deepest but that could be because of the amount of water hitting it from the plunge pool little further up. Gradient The gradient is steeper at the top near the source as it is coming down out of the valley but as you go further down stream its gets flatter as we come down out of the hills and down to the bottom of Body hill. It changes from a high of 12 too low of 2 this is a decrease of 2/3rd. An anomaly may be that there is no decrease between site 5 and 6 so there is only the force of upstream pushing the water through. There are a few types of erosion causing the change in gradient as corrosion and abrasion forcing the land to recede downwards, this changes the shape of the valley I ways such as the valley itself gets deeper and in some places causing mini waterfalls as there may be harder rock that is not eroded so easily. Deposition occurs in quantities and this affects the gradient, as it will flatten it out, as there is new bed load all the time. [pick] In the lower valley there is more lateral erosion than vertical erosion as there is not so much force pushing down where the waterfall is pushing down rather than the river pushing forward. Velocity As we move from site 1 to site 6 we see that the velocity has ups and downs there is no definite pattern between the results as they start at 1. 6 and then drop suddenly to 0. 96 but then they steadily go up so this result may be an anomaly from rock on the bottom that the cork got stuck on or maybe a small plunge pool that it got stuck in but to look at the results do not look like they have a definite pattern. But from the lowest result to the highest result there is an increase of almost double the speed. The velocity is going to change as near the plunge pool where the velocity is going to be high the amount of angular rocks will slow it and with the small channel width and the large wetted area will cause more friction and slow the cork and velocity own. Load longest axles Ana load snaps As for the bed load shape at the top of the stream the rocks angular and sub angular, as they havent had time to get eroded and smoothed over yet, as for the bed load length it starts off at the top as a maximum of 12 CM and then down to the bottom where the maximum length is 7. 6 so that is an increase of about h, so at the bottom of the valley the rocks start to become more rounded and sub rounded. So in summary the further you go down they valley the smaller and more rounded they are but up the top they are longer and more angular. In my results there are no anomaly to be found for the bed load shape but as for the bed load length there are some from site 3 and site 5 where they are much smaller than expected this could be because they got trapped in that position and eroded in that place instead of moving down stream and getting eroded on the way. The bed load shape will defiantly change constantly as the new angular rock is supplied at the top from it falling from the weathered valley sides, but further down stream the sediment has been eroded in transportation by attrition, corrosion and abrasion, which will make them smaller and more rounded. Human analysis of carding mill valley Man has influenced this area and the river in many ways, which will affect the state and the activity of the river. Firstly the excellent walking areas around draw hikers to the area this causes paths and walkways around the area. This will affect the valley as they put down tablets of stone which are impermeable to water cannot get into the soil and make it to the river via through flow this will increase surface run-off which will keep water on top of the ground and increase the chance of flooding, however they space to slabs a little apart and do not cement them down so there fore he water can still enter the earth. On the upland there is beautiful heather which could become ruined by people taking cuttings or dropping litter which affects the wildlife as the heather may be their home and they may try to eat the litter or dropped scraps, this may in turn make them dependent on humans which makes them less wild and move away from their inherited lives but this can be resolved simply by putting fines on litter or putting more bins around the site. Hand gliders love it there to as it is high and beautiful but Para gliders will cause noise and air pollution. Tourist activity has affected it by laying concrete and pavements which are impermeable increasing surface run-off and increasing yet again the possibility of flooding and in turn lowering the amount of water making it to the river and being taken away but they have put a man made drainage system in to combat this problem, they have also put hard rock barriers up to stop its natural course and dictating where it goes however the have put gabion up to stop the river destroying the landscape by eroding the valley too far and causing landslides. The tourist attraction and the education centre put together will increase the amount of visitors sleeve wanly all affects ten ruler, Decease tense wall De many people wall De walking up and down the valley all the time which will cause erosion on the grass and soft land. The hiking routes are well marked but the walkers may well go off track and cause damage on unmarked land where it needs to be preserved. The main thing that makes the place so popular to humans apart from the spectacular views, easily accessible and lots of wildlife is that its free so therefore at least 250,000 people visit the site each year so that will cause a lot of pollution and erosion, this ill also cause more conversationalist which means more tarmac and impermeable surface and more land covered which decreases interception which helps against floods. As the valley has at least mm of rain per year which is a good amount. The valley was made by volcanic activity 600 million years ago so this draws more people especially as it has some of the oldest rock formations in existence. The whole valley is covered in heather, bilberry, bracken and gorse which all helps with interception, transpiration and stem flow but as this gets cut back to build tourist attractions it will increase the amount of water going into the river causing increased chance off extreme flooding. pick] This diagram shows the system that happens to a place that has had nothing done to it in terms of tourist activity, Housing and human activity at all but when humans do step in the amount of over land flow, surface storage and soil infiltration decreases dramatically so therefore the amount of drainage basin output will be way too low so as a result there will be a massive increased threat of flooding. So basically there has been no building to increase interception and there is o tarmac to increase the surface runoff. Conclusion 1) The valley width changed down stream due to the given types of erosion such as hydraulic action, corrosion, abrasion and attrition. It does this because erosion cuts into the sides and bed of the stream and therefore it gets wider and deeper. The channel does this, as that is what causes the erosion. ) The channel width changed in ways of wider and deeper from erosion that grinds into the side of the channel so the further down the stream the wider it gets and the same happens to the depth but instead of lateral erosion it goes vertically. ) The cross-section changes as you go down the stream in ways of lateral and vertical erosion because of all types of erosion. The depth is always deeper towards the top as the water is coming down out of the hills so it is coming vertically but the further down it begins to flatten out so therefore it starts to get w ider. ) The velocity is greater at the top because the gradient up the top is greater than down the bottom so its obvious that as the gradient flattens out the velocity gets slower. 5) The gradient changes due to the direction of erosion so at the source it is vertical erosion due to the plunge pool but as you go down the erosion turns into lateral erosion so odometer ten gradient neatens out. 6) The bed load starts at the top with weathered rock falling from the valley. It is angular when it falls in and its rather large also. As the rock travels down the stream it gets eroded from corrosion, abrasion and attrition. 7) The human impact affects the river in ways such as dictating the course of the river and also it will not get any through flow water as the ground is covered with concrete and tarmac. Evaluation Large wetted area Angular rocks Small plunge pools

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